Showing posts with label passengers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label passengers. Show all posts

Sunday, October 25, 2009

Passengers aboard LZ 129 Hindenburg - May 3-6, 1937

The following is a list of the 36 passengers aboard the Hindenburg on its last flight, with links to the biographic articles for each.

Those who died as a result of the crash are listed in italics.



Leonhard Adelt
Berlin, Germany
Journalist








Gertrud Adelt
Berlin, Germany
Journalist







Ernst Rudolf Anders
Dresden, Germany
Co-owner - Teekanne Co.








Ferdinand Lammot "Peter" Belin
Washington, D.C
Student









Birger Brinck
Stockholm, Sweden
Journalist








Karl Otto Clemens
Bonn, Germany
Photographer








Hermann Doehner
Mexico City, Mexico
General Manager - Beick, Felix y Compania








Matilde Doehner
Mexico City, Mexico









Irene Doehner
Mexico City, Mexico









Walter Doehner
Mexico City, Mexico








Werner Doehner
Mexico City, Mexico









Burtis J. Dolan
Chicago, IL
Vice President - Lelong Importing Co.









Edward Douglas
Newark, NJ
Director of European Operations - McCann/Erickson Corp.








Colonel Fritz Erdmann
Halle an der Saale, Germany
German Luftwaffe







Otto Ernst
Hamburg, Germany
Seed trader







Elsa Ernst
Hamburg, Germany








Moritz Feibusch
San Francisco, CA
Food broker








George Grant
London, England
Assistant manager - Wm. H. Müller & Co.







Lieutenant Claus Hinkelbein
Schwäbisch Hall, Germany
German Luftwaffe








George Hirschfeld
Bremen, Germany
Cotton broker









Marie Kleemann
Bad Homburg, Germany








Erich Knöcher
Zeulenroda, Germany
Wire manufacturer








William Leuchtenberg
Larchmont, NY
President - Alpha-Lux Co.








Philip Mangone

New York, NY
Clothing designer








Margaret Mather
Rome, Italy
Heiress








Nelson Morris
Homewood, IL
Executive - Armour and Co.








Herbert O'Laughlin
Elgin, IL
President - Consumers Coal and Coke Co. of Elgin, IL








Clifford Osbun
Park Ridge, IL
Sales Manager - Oliver Farm Equipment Co.








John Pannes
Plandome, NY
New York manager - Hamburg-America Line









Emma Pannes
Plandome, NY








Otto Reichhold
Vienna, Austria
Manager - Beck, Koller & Co.








Joseph Spah
Douglaston, Long Island, NY
Vaudeville acrobat/comedian








Emil Stöckle
Frankfurt, Germany
Mail Inspector - Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei








Hans Vinholt
Copenhagen, Denmark
Retired businessman







Rolf von Heidenstam
Stockholm, Sweden
Executive, AGA Group








Major Hans-Hugo Witt
Barth-in-Pommern, Germany
German Luftwaffe,



Tuesday, October 6, 2009

Leonhard and Gertrud Adelt


Passengers

Ages: Leonhard Adelt - 55

Gertrud Adelt - 34

Residence: Berlin, Germany

Mr. Adelt's occupation: Journalist
Mrs. Adelt's occupation: Journalist (press card suspended by Nazi government)

Location at time of fire: Starboard lounge

Survived


Leonhard Adelt was born on June 17th, 1881 in Boizenburg/Elbe, Germany, but spent most of his youth in Dortmund, Germany. He began writing early in life, and published his first novel at age 17. The novel, entitled "Werden", was considered quite racy at the time, as it contained passages dealing with teenage sexual experiences. This caused such a scandal that Adelt lost his apprenticeship as a bookseller in nearby Kleve, and his family ended up moving from Dortmund to Cologne. Here, he got another bookseller job, and began to write for newspapers in several cities including Eberswalde, Stettin, Vienna, and Hamburg. He also attended the University of Berlin.


By 1912, Adelt had become interested in aviation – not only writing about it from the ground, but actually learning how to fly. It was through this that he became acquainted with Ernst Lehmann, who was then commanding the new passenger Zeppelin Sachsen for the DELAG airship service. Adelt reportedly even worked with Lehmann's cousin on an experimental non-rigid airship being built in Düsseldorf, though that ship never made it past an initial test flight or two. Adelt also wrote a series of aviation novels during this time, and seems to have been something of a trendsetter in this regard.

During World War I, Adelt was a war correspondent in Austria for the Berlin Tageblatt, and later as a correspondent and freelance journalist in Munich. From 1920 through 1926 he was an editorial representative for the Berlin Tageblatt and also for the Neue Freie Presse (Vienna) in Munich, where he wrote a number of articles that were very supportive of Stefan Zweig, a world-renowned Austrian writer who was also an outspoken pacifist and an advocate for a united Europe, and with whom Adelt had been a friend since childhood. (Zweig went into exile in England in 1936 to escape Nazi persecution). Since 1926 Adelt had been a travel correspondent.

Adelt, who had been married once before, met Gertrud Stolte in the mid 1930s They were married in 1935, and had a son, Christian, in 1936. Gertrud, born March 6, 1903, was from Dresden, and was a journalist in her own right. She held a Ph.D in art history from the University of Münster, and had spent many years writing for the movie magazine Film und Frau, which allowed her to travel a great deal, and to interview many film celebrities. However, by 1937 Gertrud Adelt had been deemed a troublemaker by the Ministry of Propaganda, and the Nazi government had lifted her press card. Leonhard was still allowed to work as a writer, but it's very likely that his friendship with Stefan Zweig was attracting unwanted attention from Berlin.

The Adelts were passengers aboard the Hindenburg's first flight to the United States of the 1937 season. Leonhard had collaborated with Captain Ernst Lehmann, now Director of Flight Operations for the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei, on his autobiography the year before, and Lehmann had invited him and his wife to fly to the United States on the Hindenburg as guests of the DZR. Leonhard's brother Karl lived in May's Landing, NJ, and the two brothers had not seen one another in almost 30 years, and so Leonhard and Gertrud Adelt would be staying there. The English translation of Lehmann's autobiography, "Zeppelin," would be published in June, so it's likely that Leonhard Adelt planned to meet with the publisher while he was in the States.

On Monday, May 3rd, 1937, the Adelts boarded the bus that would take them and their fellow passengers from the Frankfurter Hof hotel to the Rhein-Main airfield where the Hindenburg was waiting to cast off. Gertrud couldn't help but notice that one of the American passengers had obviously been "celebrating" his departure from Germany quite a bit while waiting for the bus, and was now loudly and comically singing sad songs as the bus made its way to the airport.

The Hindenburg was waiting for them outside the hangar at the airfield. Gertrud thought it rather odd that none of the well-wishers who accompanied the passengers were allowed to approach the airship. However, after they had all climbed aboard and were watching the crowd through the wide banks of observation windows on either side of the passenger decks, and indeed after the ground crew had already let go of the landing ropes, a loudspeaker suddenly called for the wife of one of the passengers to come forward. She appeared moments later in the foyer at the top of the gangway stairs. The passenger was a Luftwaffe officer named Fritz Erdmann, and the Adelts watched as the Erdmanns embraced silently for a minute or so. Leonhard remarked to his wife how unusual it was for a guest to be brought aboard for a final goodbye this close to takeoff, and moreso since the public was being kept away from the ship this time.

The ship took off at about quarter past eight in the evening, and proceeded along its route up the Rhine river, then along the English Channel and out to sea. Leonhard would later write that it was the most uneventful journey that he had ever taken aboard an airship. Even his old friend Lehmann seemed quiet and withdrawn, and the weather was so bad for the first day and a half that there was nothing to see out the windows. It wasn't until the afternoon of May 5th that the weather cleared and the passengers got a close-up view of a group of giant icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland.

They did get to know some of their fellow passengers, however, and Gertrud would remember them years later when she wrote an article about the flight for the Hamburger Abendblatt:

"There was the old merchant from Hamburg [Otto Ernst] who was finally taking his wife on a trip to America. There was the good, motherly businesswoman from Homburg [Marie Kleemann] anxiously counting the hours that separated her from her ailing daughter in Boston. The Swedish journalist with the rosy face [Birger Brinck] was on his way to Washington for an interview with Secretary of State Hull. The young artist with the gentle, deliberate way of walking [Joseph Spah] was going home to his wife and children on Long Island after a successful European tour. A family from Mexico [the Doehner family] was enjoying a wonderful conclusion to a visit to their old homeland. American and German merchants traveling on business. Air Force officers [Col. Fritz Erdmann, Maj. Hans-Hugo Witt, and Lt. Claus Hinkelbein] enjoying the luxurious amenities of airship travel, having been sent on this trip in recognition of meritorious service."


The Adelts were seated at the dinner table next to Captain Lehmann, with ship's commander Captain Max Pruss presiding over dinner. Gertrud would later remember an exchange between Captain Lehmann and one of the female passengers. It seemed that the woman had been part of a group that had been taken on a tour of the ship that afternoon, and as they walked along the catwalk they came to a spot where there was no handrail. Not wanting to let her guard down in front of the men by appearing afraid, she just strolled along straight and tall. The others cautiously hung back, and when she finally returned, she thought that she must have looked rather pale indeed. As she joked about this at dinner, "Ah," Captain Lehmann said gravely, "To have no fear and to do something courageous, that's nothing. But to be afraid and still take that risk… that's the real challenge."

Finally, on the evening of May 6th, the Hindenburg was coming in to land at Lakehurst. It had been scheduled to land that morning, but stormy weather and headwinds over the Atlantic Ocean had slowed the ship considerably, and then thunderstorms over the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst had delayed them even further. Leonhard and Gertrud Adelt stood at one of the observation windows in the starboard lounge, watching the ground crew taking up the ship's landing lines, and Leonhard looked to see if he could see his brother waiting for them.


Leonhard and Gertrud Adelt's location in the starboard passenger lounge at the time of the fire.


Gertrud suddenly noticed that everything had grown strangely silent. She and her husband then heard a dull report from somewhere aft of them. It wasn't loud at all. Leonhard would later write that it was about as loud as a beer bottle being opened, and Gertrud would liken it to a paper bag being popped. Then the floor tilted out from underneath them and they were both hurled against the aft wall of the lounge along with a number of other passengers. Chairs, flower vases, fellow passengers - everything came sliding toward them. The Adelts both looked toward the window and saw a yellowish-red glow blossoming outside the ship, and they both realized that the ship was on fire. Somebody next to Gertrud began to pray, while Gertrud herself could think only, "Please, let it end quickly!"

Then she heard Leonhard's voice yelling to everyone, "Through the windows!" The two of them shoved some chairs aside and made their way to the observation windows. They jumped from a height of about 15 feet, and Gertrud found herself lying face down on the damp ground, unable to move. Suddenly a hand grabbed her by the collar. Leonhard had begun to make his way through the tangle of wreckage that lay between them and safety, realized that Gertrud wasn't with him, and gone back after her. He hauled her to her feet and gave her a push and she began running, as she would later write, "like an automaton… nothing could stop me then." Meanwhile, Leonhard had fallen and, like Gertrud had, he lay there on the ground feeling utterly drained. He looked up and saw Gertrud still running to safety, and this snapped him back to his senses. He got back to his feet "as though electrified" and followed his wife out of the wreckage.

Suddenly, they were out. The wreckage was all behind them, and they both turned around to look at what was left of the the Hindenburg. The proud silver airship was now a smouldering black skeleton enveloped in thick black clouds of smoke, and they could hear the screams of those still trapped within. Leonhard would later write:

"Something drew me toward [the wreckage]; I cannot say whether it was the feeling that I must try to save others, or that demon-like urge of self-destruction which drives the moth into the flame. My wife called to me, called more urgently and ran back to me. She spoke persuasively; took me by the hand; led me away."

The Adelts turned away from the horrible sight, walking hand in hand along the edge of the wreck and finally toward the hangars in the distance.


A man came up to them (Gertrud would always remember how strange he looked in his white Panama hat with everything else around them scorched and smoke-stained) and led them to one of the large limousines that had been onhand to ferry the passengers away from the mooring area. Now they were being used as ambulances. As they approached the car, a harsh voice from deep in the back said, "There's no more room in here!" Gertrud looked into the car and recognized Mrs. Doehner. She was sitting there clutching her two badly-burned sons to her "like a lioness", as Gertrud would later recall.


Gertrud and Leonhard Adelt are led from the scene of the Hindenburg wreck.



They were taken to the air station's infirmary, which was in utter chaos, being far too small to handle the sudden influx of badly injured patients. Horrified nurses ran to and fro trying to ease everyone's pain as best they could, using whatever they had onhand, including bottles of whiskey and, according to Leonhard, "a morphine syringe the size of a bicycle pump."

Gertrud found a wicker chair to sit in, and then noticed a horribly injured member of the crew laying at her feet, obviously dying. He said that his shoes were too tight, and she removed them and his heavy woolen socks for him. A priest appeared suddenly and heard the man's confession. Gertrud noticed that the injured man was speaking in German with a Schwäbisch dialect, and she was sure that the priest didn't understand a word of it. "Only God understood him," she later remarked.

Meanwhile, Leonhard had found Captain Lehmann sitting on a table. Lehmann was burned terribly, and was blotting at his wounds with a large piece of gauze soaked in picric acid. Leonhard was at a loss for words, and said the only thing that came to mind: "What happened?" Lehmann, in shock, could reply only, "Blitzschlag"… lightning. The two men looked silently at one another for a long moment and then Leonhard, overcome with emotion, had to leave the room and walk outside.

Gertrud had left the young crewman with the priest, and one of the medics came up and wanted to give her a shot of morphine. She refused, however, thinking, "Nobody's going to be able to find me if I'm laying here asleep."

Finally, Leonhard's brother found them and got them into his car and through the cordon around the airfield.

Leonhard and Gertrud Adelt both survived the disaster with relatively minor injuries. Leonhard had some burns on his scalp and was suffering from smoke inhalation, so he was taken to State Colony Hospital in Pemberton, New Jersey, where he stayed for ten days before being released. Gertud only had minor burns, (including one on her right hand that forced her to write left-handed until it healed) and did not require hospitalization.

 

Gertrud recovering with family  Gertrud Adelt (center) with family members during her recovery in May’s Landing, NJ.

 

The Adelts stayed the summer at Leonhard's brother Karl's home in May's Landing. Gertrud would later recall that the Gestapo in Germany continued to take an interest in them while they were out of the country. As she told author A.A. Hoehling some 25 years later, a woman from Philadelphia showed up and offered her services as a secretary. Leonhard naturally wanted to record his recollections about their flight on the Hindenburg and their escape from the fire. The woman was an excellent secretary, and asked for an unusually low amount of money. She would take her shorthand notes home every night to copy them, and given his and his wife's less than stellar reputation with the German government, Leonhard suspected that the woman was probably connected to the SD or the Gestapo. He was very careful about what he said around her, just to be on the safe side.

Gertrud, on the other hand, was definitely being investigated by the Gestapo. While she recouperated at Leonhard's brother's house, the Gestapo showed up at her mother's home back in Dresden. They insisted that Gertrud was spreading stories about the Hindenburg disaster that were not consistent with what the Propaganda Ministry had ordered German journalists to convey. The Gestapo agents demanded to read all of Gertrud's correspondence with her mother since she had been in the United States, found nothing in the letters that Gertrud's mother had received from her, and they let the matter drop.

 

Gertrud, Leonhard and Christian Adelt circa 1940Gertrud and Leonhard Adelt at the seaside with their son, Christian. Photo taken circa 1940.

 

The Adelts returned to Germany later that summer. They moved to Dresden, where they lived throughout the Second World War. Gertrud eventually got her press card back, and resumed her career as a journalist. On the night of February 13th, 1945, as the Allies firebombed Dresden, Leonhard and Gertrud and their son, Christian, escaped from their house as the flames began to consume it. Then Leonhard remembered an unfinished manuscript that he wanted to save, and ran back into the house after it. He was badly injured in the process, and was taken to a medical facility in Dippoldiswalde, about 11 miles south of Dresden. Leonhard Adelt died of his injuries a week later on February 21st, 1945. Years later, Gertrud would tell her family of how she and nine year-old Christian fled through the blazing streets of Dresden, dodging bullets as low-flying airplanes strafed them.

Interestingly enough, given Gertrud’s having once had her press card lifted for not being supportive enough of the Nazi regime, she found herself in a similar bind after the war ended. Because she had continued on as a journalist throughout the war, she wound up on an Allied list of German citizens who had to undergo denazification. She was prevented from writing professionally for a year, after which she was allowed to continue with her career. Gertud and her son moved to Hamburg, where she wrote for a variety of different German newspapers, including Die Welt, which was established by British occupational forces in 1946.

In 1949, Gertrud wrote an account of her escape from the Hindenburg disaster for the Hamburger Abendblatt. Published in the Sunday edition on August 27th, 1949 and titled Mein Sturz aus dem brennenden Luftschiff (My Fall from the Burning Airship), Gertrud’s article presented her perspective not just on the disaster itself, but also on various moments from throughout the voyage.  

Gertrud Adelt continued to live in Hamburg, and passed away following a sudden heart attack in 1985 at the age of 82. Her son, Christian, had passed away three years earlier in 1982.


 

Gertrud Adelt - 1981

 Gertrud Adelt in 1981



Special thanks to Ulrich Adelt, Leonard and Gertrud’s grandson, for providing me with family photos and additional biographic information.

Monday, August 17, 2009

Emil Stöckle


Passenger

Age: Unknown


Residence: Frankfurt, Germany


Occupation: Mail Inspector, Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei

Location at time of fire: Portside hallway to passenger cabins

Survived



Emil Stöckle worked for the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei, and was in charge of the freight and mail department in the DZR's Frankfurt office. During the first week of May, 1937, he was on his way to the United States via the Hindenburg to take a position as a DZR sales agent. It was Stöckle's second time flying on an airship, with his only previous flight having been a 14-hour trip over Germany (possibly the Hindenburg's flight over the Olympics in Berlin on August 1, 1936.)

On the Hindenburg's flight to America, Stöckle had no official DZR duties, although once the ship had landed and the freight and the mail had been offloaded, he was to have supervised the DZR freight and mail department at Lakehurst for this trip. On the second day of the flight, around 11 o'clock in the morning, Stöckle accompanied elevatorman Ernst Huchel back to the kennel basket near the stern of the ship to look after the two dogs who were stored there.

As the
Hindenburg prepared to land at Lakehurst on the evening of May 6th, Stöckle was standing with other passengers on the starboard observation deck watching the ground crew take up the landing lines. Estimating that the ship was perhaps 80 to 100 meters in the air, he watched as the sailors took up the starboard line and began to carry it off towards the starboard yaw car. Stöckle then went to his cabin to get a coat out of his suitcase, which the stewards had left just outside his cabin door.


Emil Stöckle's location in the A-deck passenger cabin area at the time of the fire.


Stöckle had just reached the door of his cabin, which was located about halfway up the portside corridor on A-deck, just forward of the dining room pantry, when he heard a muffled detonation and felt the floor underneath him suddenly tilt, throwing him against a wall. As the ship tilted even more steeply, he slid aft along the floor of the corridor until he reached the portside stairs leading down to B-deck, and began to make his way downstairs. When he was about halfway down the stairway he could see the reflection of the fire on the wet ground through the windows at the base of the stairs. He could tell that the ship was still too high for him to jump, so he stayed where he was and waited.


As the ship hit the ground, the shock knocked one of the windows down on B-deck loose from its frame, and Stöckle finally noticed the sound of the passengers upstairs running back and forth. He then climbed toward the broken window and jumped through it to the ground. As he was getting up to run away, he looked over his shoulder and saw that the entire ship was afire behind him and that girders were still falling to the ground. He ran clear of the wreck, and shortly afterward he met up with Chief Steward Heinrich Kubis and cabin boy Werner Franz, and then returned to the ship to see if he could help any of the other survivors.


Emil Stöckle testified before the U.S. Commerce Department's Board of Inquiry into the
Hindenburg disaster on May 14th. Then, sailing on the steamship Europa on May 16th, Stöckle returned to Germany. He served as an officer in the Luftwaffe during WWII, and later retired in Friedrichshafen.


Emil Stöckle circa 1985

(Many thanks to Mr. Herman De Wulf for providing various details, as well as the photo of Herr Stöckle, which was taken onboard a Lufthansa 747 flight to the United States in 1985. Mr. De Wulf had the pleasure of meeting and talking with Herr Stöckle, and later interviewed him for Belgian television station BRT.)



Wednesday, May 6, 2009

Major Hans-Hugo Witt


Passenger

Age: 36

Residence: Barth-in-Pommern, Germany

Occupation: Luftwaffe Major

Location at time of fire: Passenger decks, starboard observation lounge

Survived



Major Hans-Hugo Witt, born in Rostock in Mecklenburg, near the edge of the Baltic Sea, in about 1901. Witt was an officer in the Luftwaffe, and had been with the Luftwaffe since its inception in 1935, though he had been a pilot since 1925. In October of 1935, Witt had been named commander of Sturzkampfgeschwader 162, Group 1, a dive bomber squadron based out of Schwerin. However, in April of 1937, Witt's squadron was reassigned as Group IV of a training squadron, Lehrgeschwader Greifswald.

The following month, Witt was given an assignment, along with two other Luftwaffe officers, Colonel Fritz Erdmann and First Lieutenant Claus Hinkelbein, to make a transatlantic flight aboard the airship Hindenburg on its first North American flight of 1937. The three men were in fact military observers, traveling in civilian clothing, who were aboard the ship to learn about the cutting-edge long-range navigational and weather-forecasting techniques employed by the ship's command crew, as well as to observe the overall operation of the ship.

It has been alleged, primarily by author Michael M. Mooney in his 1972 book "The Hindenburg", that the three Luftwaffe officers were in fact aboard the last flight as security officers, charged with the task of identifying and stopping a potential saboteur. No credible evidence has ever surfaced to support this allegation, and all references to this claim seem to be based solely on the unsupported assertions that Mooney made in his book. As a point of fact, both German and American military observers had been aboard virtually every flight of the Hindenburg during its 1936 season, observing the operation and design of the ship. It was even common practice in 1936 for these military observers to travel in civilian clothes, as did Witt, Erdmann, and Hinkelbein on the first North American flight of the 1937 season.

Prior to the Hindenburg's flight, when Witt and the others were in Frankfurt waiting to board the ship, Witt noticed that the passenger baggage was being searched rather more thoroughly than he would have expected. Witt was talking with his brother and another man who was a Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei representative and he mentioned the baggage search. It didn't affect Witt himself because he had a military passport and was therefore exempt from having his baggage searched, but he was curious nonetheless. The DZR representative told him that an anonymous warning had been received about a possible sabotage threat, and that this was the reason for the increased diligence in searching the passengers' baggage.

This is probably the nugget of truth that Mooney used in order to concoct his tale about the three Luftwaffe men being aboard the ship to look for bombs. However, when Witt mentioned this exchange in his testimony to the US Commerce Department's Board of Inquiry following the disaster, he specifically said that he heard nothing more about the sabotage warning after that exchange with the DZR representative, and that he'd heard nothing about it before the day of departure. Witt's feeling seemed to be that had he not asked about the baggage search, the subject might not have come up at all. Coupled with the fact that there had reportedly been numerous sabotage threats to the Hindenburg throughout 1936, there is no reason to assume that Witt's having heard about a sabotage warning before the last flight was connected in any way with any secret in-flight security duty assigned to him, Hinkelbein or Erdmann.

During the flight, Witt and the other two Luftwaffe officers made frequent trips to the ship's control car to observe the navigators at their duties, and also were freely escorted throughout the rest of the ship, notably places such as the engine gondolas and the electrical center, as had been customary with military observers in 1936. It being the first time the three men had flown on a Zeppelin, it was all relatively new to them.

As the Hindenburg approached the landing field at Lakehurst at the end of the flight, Maj. Witt was in the starboard passenger lounge, standing with Col. Erdmann, Lt. Hinkelbein and fellow passenger George Hirschfeld watching the ground crew from one of the observation windows. The ship made a turn to starboard as it approached the mooring mast, obscuring Witt's view of the ground operations, and after watching the ship's bow lines drop, Witt decided to go across to the port side windows to get a better look.


Major Witt's location in the starboard lounge at the time of the fire.


Suddenly, Witt heard somebody cry out that the ship was on fire. At the same moment, he heard a dull detonation and felt the ship shake and begin to tilt aft. He lost his footing and slid along the floor, coming to rest along with a pile of chairs against the rear wall of the lounge, near the door to the hallway leading to the cabin area and the portside dining room. The door was closed and one of the American passengers tried unsuccessfully to pull the jammed door open.

By now Witt could see the glow of the fire through the ceiling above him, and he felt the floor leveling out again as the bow of the ship dropped. Witt climbed to his feet and ran to one of the observation windows, jumping from a height of approximately 20 feet. He remembered nothing from the moment he jumped until he realized that Lt. Hinkelbein and another man were untangling a length of burning cable from around Witt's neck and carrying him to safety. He had apparently been caught by collapsing wreckage once he landed, as were many of the passengers on the starboard side, and had Hinkelbein and the other man not found him when they did, Witt may well have not made it out alive.


Hans-Hugo Witt in an ambulance shortly after the fire.



Major Witt being transferred to Lenox Hill Hospital, May 7th, 1937


Witt was taken to nearby Paul Kimball hospital with burns to his face, head, and hands. He was moved the next day to Lenox Hill Hospital in New York where he recovered for several weeks after the fire. He testified to the Board of Inquiry from his hospital bed on May 28th. Shortly after this, with his health improving, Witt was taken on a day trip, along with injured Hindenburg engine mechanic Theodor Ritter, to visit the US Army academy at West Point.

Witt returned to Germany after recovering from his injuries, and in September of 1937 he transferred to the Luftwaffe General Staff in Berlin. He was then given command of flight group Jagdgeschwader 26 on December 14th, 1939, but was relieved at the end of the Battle of France on June 23rd, 1940, and spent the rest of the war in staff positions. After the war, Witt took on a job as a lead caster in a German battery factory, eventually taking a position as a salesman with the firm.

Hans-Hugo Witt passed away in 1976 at the age of 75.

Special thanks to Luftwaffe historian Don Caldwell, who was kind enough to provide me with details about Hans-Hugo Witt's wartime service, as well as his post-war life.


Sunday, April 5, 2009

Lieutenant Claus Hinkelbein


Passenger

Age: 27

Residence: Schwäbisch Hall, Germany

Occupation: First Lieutenant, German Luftwaffe

Location at time of fire: Passenger decks, starboard lounge

Survived



Claus Hinkelbein was born December 28th, 1909 in Ludwigsburg, Germany. Hinkelbein was a First Lieutenant in the German Luftwaffe as of May of 1937 when he and two other Luftwaffe officers, Colonel Fritz Erdmann and Major Hans-Hugo Witt, were assigned to fly as military observers aboard the Hindenburg's first North American flight of the 1937 season. The three men were primarily aboard to observe the techniques developed by the Hindenburg's command crew for long-range navigation and weather-forecasting.

There has long been a baseless story circulating in which it is claimed that Lt. Hinkelbein, Col. Erdmann, and Maj. Witt were actually ordered to make the flight as security officers charged with the task of uncovering and stopping a potential sabotage attempt. No credible evidence of this has ever been discovered, and it appears that the sole source for this story was Michael M. Mooney's heavily-fictionalized book "The Hindenburg," published in 1972. Mooney offered no proof whatsoever to support his claims such as this one, and no corroborating evidence has ever surfaced. The Hindenburg, in fact, carried military observers (German, American, and often both) on virtually every flight it made in 1936, and there is no reason whatsoever to assume that there was anything different about the trio of military observers aboard the ship's final flight.


Lt. Claus Hinkelbein (right, facing camera) aboard the Hindenburg during its last flight. Fellow passengers Ernst Rudolf Anders (lower center, with binoculars) and Moritz Feibusch (left, silhouetted against upright post) are sightseeing through the ship's observation windows. (Image taken from home movies shot during the Hindenburg's last flight by fellow passenger Joseph Spah.)


Hinkelbein, along with Erdmann and Witt, was given free access throughout the ship during the flight, and the three of them went forward to the control car several times a day in order to observe the navigators in their duties.

As the Hindenburg approached its mooring mast at Lakehurst, NJ at the end of the flight, on the evening of May 6th, 1937, Lt. Hinkelbein was in the starboard passenger lounge watching the ground crew out of one of the observation windows along with Major Witt, Colonel Erdmann, and fellow passenger George Hirschfeld. Hinkelbein watched felt the ship come to a standstill and saw the bow lines drop.


Lieutenant Hinkelbein's location in the starboard lounge at the time of the fire.


A few minutes later, he felt a sudden jerk run through the ship and, looking out of the window, saw the reflection of fire aft. Almost immediately he felt the bow begin to rise and held on to keep his footing. As the ship came down again, Hinkelbein ran forward to the nearest open window and jumped through it.


Once on the ground, Hinkelbein was able to thread his way through the wreckage without serious injury. He went back to the wreckage and found Major Witt caught in a burning wire, which had tangled around Witt's neck. Together with another rescuer, Hinkelbein freed Witt and helped him to safety.

Lt. Claus Hinkelbein gave testimony to the US Commerce Department's Board of Inquiry on May 15th, 1937, nine days after the disaster. He sailed back to Germany on the steamship Europa the following day.

Hinkelbein remained in the Luftwaffe throughout World War II, taking part in the invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union. Hinkelbein was placed in command of the Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 "Immelmann" (a JU-87 Stuka group) as a Major from September 10, 1939 through October 29, 1939. This was followed by command of Kampfgeschwader 30 "Adler" (a JU-88 group) from December of 1939 through June of 1940. It was during his command of KG 30 that Hinkelbein was awarded the Knight's Cross, on June 19th, 1940. Following this, Hinkelbein commanded Ergänzungskampfgruppe 5 from September 20th, 1940 through October 8th, 1940. After this, he seems to have been promoted to Lt. Colonel and made Chief of General Staff for Feldluftgaukommandos XIV, where he remained through the remainder of the war.

Following the war, Hinkelbein served with the West German air force, and was commander of the air force base at Aurich from 1966-1967.

Major General Claus Hinkelbein passed away in Bad Salzuflen on April 28th, 1967, at age 57.

Special thanks to Herr Gerhard Bronisch at the Stadtarchiv Ludwigsburg for kindly providing the photo of Claus Hinkelbein used in this article. The photo is the property of Stadtarchiv Ludwigsburg.